Anthropology Notes
*MONDAY, MAY 18, 2009
Homework: Bring 1 observation for Dr. Pace. Read “In Focus Brazil”
Class schedule: Sharing, Portuguese, & Anthropology. Every FRIDAY as essay test.
Doido(a) = dummies
O = male
A = female
Para or Pra = ?
Voce = You
Sheshe = pi
“Show de xuxa”
When speaking. Ex. Doido=”doidu” BUT the feminine sound stays the same doida.
Pao = bread
Pau = stick
Pao zinho = Little bread
Pauzinho = little guys thing
Odirene = “ojarenee”
Gato(a) = a name for a good looking guy/girl. “Cat”
Ela e gata = She cat
Gente = “genchu” = you all/people
Embora gente = Let’s go.
Vamos = We go.
Melhor = better? Are you better?
Julho = July
Burro = “buho” = donkey/jackass
Brasil (spelled by Brasilians in Portuguese)
Brazil (spelled by non-native Portuguese speakers)
1st World – rich, industralized, capitalist, strong military, US, Canada, Western European, Japan, Australia.
10%-15% of the world is in the 1st World status in Brazil. (Our host family is categorized as 1st World status in Brazil.)
2nd World – some wealth, industralized, not capitalist, strong military…???
3rd World – poor, partly industralized, capitalist/non-capitalist, & others, weak military. (Most Brazilians are categorized in the group.)
80%-85% of the world is categorized in this group.
4th World- (some consider) indigeneous people (indian native americans, tribes), no military, not industralized.
Anthropology – the study of people and of culture.
Anthropos = people, humans
Logos = Study
Culture: is a patterned way of life learned and shared by a group of people.
Culture is learned not biological.
Populations, Social race
Shared culture
Race does not exist.
Ethnocentric = you think your culture is the only & right one.
Ethno = ?
Centric = ?
Nao tem troco. = I have no change.
4 Basic Characteristics:
Holistic = study of humanity.
4Holistic: 1) Physical bioanthropology (bodies). 2) Archaelogy Anthropology. 3) Linguistics (SIL) Anthropology. 4) Cultural Anthropology
1) Paleantology = looks at human evolution.
Adaptation = How your body adjusts to the enviroment.
Vitamin D is produced in the upper dermis from exposure of the sun. Then it will absorb into the intestines turning into calcium for strong bones.
Most people in the world are a olive brown skin color.
Certain pockets of the equator has dark skin.
High altitude has less oxygen so people who live there have larger chests, bigger lungs to take in the most oxygen.
Primatology ?
Humans are 98% the same as chimpanzees (DNA) & 2% different.
2) Archaelogy – study of all kinds of remains to figure out the culture of certain groups of people.
3) Linguistics – study of language and the relationships with language and culture.
*5,000-6,000 different languages exist in the world.
Latin became Spanish, Italian, etc.
English language came from: Latin, German, Anglo Saxon, Vikings, Dutch, Celtics, French, Spanish, etc. Also, known as a Creole language.
4) Cultural Anthropology – study of new cultures and dying cultures.
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*TUESDAY, MAY 19, 2009
Due homework: Anthro. (1 observation)
A motorcycle with two passengers. Neither had helmets, the passenger had sandals, and the driver was barefoot.
Homework: Make map. How to get to everyones house. how to get to school. How to get to the beach and back. Futura beach. Walking, buses, taxi stops, bus stops. How to get to Sempre Church. Find nearest grocery store, drug store, public phone, bus stop, taxi stop, & post office.
Congegate
Covitao Peotal = Post Office
Papel baniero = Paper bathroom
Ter = to have
Tem = Do you have/have
Onde esta = Where is
Eu quero = I want
“Lunchee” = snack
Quero nadan = swimming
ir = to go
“shopping” = mall/shopping
Bom = Good (when answering “Yes” to a question instead of saying siem (yes))
Tabom = YES (when replying back to an offering.)
Poder
Posso = Can I
Pode
Podemos
Podem
Cross-cultural = study cultures that you are not from, a foreign country.
Folkview – a common sense everyday view of reality.
Less than 1% are indigenious.
Chirstopher Columbus made a mistake and thought he found a new route to India when he found America and gave the Native Americans the name Indians. A mistake he made.
When someone says they are Indian, one way they differentiate from the mistake Columbus made between Indians and Native Americans is by asking, “Dot? Feather?” Indians wear the traditional dot in the middle of their forehead between their eye brows.
Native Americans who were mistaken for Indians wear feather’s in their hair.
Indigeneous population. What do they need to survive besides natural resources?
Government doesn’t control them. They provide their own food and everything they use.
Bi-language education.
Culture.
Keeping each other alive.
What destroys the enviroment in the Amazon? Gold mining. (They use mercury (extremely bad for the earth) to help separate gold from the earth.) Cattle ranching. Loggers, Mining for natural resources. Damns.
2 Indigeneous groups that are very popular in Brazil are the Yanami & Kayopo.
15% have been killed in the last 30 years.
Soldality is a celebration with corn. Joining different groups to work together (Kayopo).
One of the leaders of Kayopo, Payakon puta and in the newspaper that had a pic of him and written underneath the pic was the following, “Will he save the world?”
Left <-> Right
Left is opposition. Right wants to keep things the same.
Left, socialism.
Lulu is the Brazilian President. Left center and more envirmentally…?
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*WEDNESDAY, MAY 20, 2009
Ideal Brazilian culture of men & women.
Machismo = big men/Jesus (agony, pain, street)
Public = is the space for men.
Machao = big/macho
Marianismo = Virgin Mary/child caring, quiet, conservative, sacrafices for the family, taking care of kids, deals with adultry, domestic.
Ideal vs. Real
Mulaltas = bad women. Mix of European and African are normally the whores to men before getting married.
80% of the Brazilian culture is working class.
2% of the Brazilian culture is upper class as well as in the US.
Correiro = Post Office
Milho verde = (”milYo”) Corn green
Endogamy
Quente = Hot dog (”hochee doggee”)
2%
Um
Middle
Ln
WC 80%
Class 20-60%
F = fiero = Cold
Q = quente (”quenchee”) = Hot
3rd Grade is the average grade of education in Brazil.
Why race doesn’t work? (biological race)
Race -> (is determined at first from parents (descent))
Descent: Hypodescent – Takes the enthnicity of the minority parent. Phenotype archetype – (You should look like this if you’re from here.) 1/32 African Amercans have 30% of European in there, recently.
Genetically we are all mirror images of each other.
200,000 50,000
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*THURSDAY, MAY 21, 2009
Racial archetype does not exist or make sense, but is simpler than categorizing through genes so we use racial archetype.
1/2 of the world’s people do not look like they have racial archetype.
Genes
For 1 race they only look at 2,3 genes that are common.
People with same kinds of blood type can be categorized as a pure race: A blood race, AB blood race, O blood race, etc.
How many genes does a human have? About 300,000 genes.
Descent -> hypodescent
Social-cultural = what you wear, your language, your religion, etc.
Phenotype (12-42)
Mestizo
Brazilian Socio economic status – how much money you have, what you look like, your educatio, etc.
Money Whittens – meaning if your skin is lighter then that person usually has more money. Even if you’re dark-skinned and rich you would be considered as “money whittens.”
Brazilians include class with race.
Azar = bad luck
Mulatto escape -> Racial democracy
Hatch
tchou = chou = chao = goodbye/see you later
Liberade is where a large Japanese culture is in Brazil.
To Brazilians, Asians are all Japanese (in general).
To Americans, Asians are all Chinese (in general).
Every human group has had some sort of religion. Some more than others.
About 100,000 religions have been practiced throughout the years of humankind.
Religions are still being created.
A religion that is beginning before being called a religion is called a cult.
Revitalization
Religion: Explains the unexplained. It offers psychologically and sociologically.
Animism – soul
Legendada = Subtitles
Dubla da = Dubbed
Susto
mana = luck
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*FRIDAY, MAY 22, 2009
Tuesdays & Thursdays – to beach
Wednesdays & Thursdays – teach class english
Test MON. 25, May/Read pg. 20-70
Describe: race, racism, class, religion, indigenous people.
Vai Descar? = Will you get off?
Parental projection
Religion reduces anxiety. Therapeutic. Gods are out to help you.
Religion can also increase anxiety. Gods are out to destroy you.
Societal projection
Durkheim
Christianity -> Calholics (80%), Protestants (20%, Crentes)
Christianity-> Calholics, Protestants (Pentecostals-> Spirit possession…religion: Cmbonda Cardumble, Spiritism Kordec
Synchrotism = 2 religions join and create one.
If you’re not Christian you’re a Pagon (Myth: people in the countryside).
Orixas -> Filhos de Santo
Mae de Santo
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*MONDAY, MAY 25, 2009
TEST DAY
Culture shock
Crisis – staying home, sleeping, frustration, no interaction with people, etc.
Zelador – guard, watchmen (the person who lets you in at the apartment complex. Who opens the gate.)
Homework: Read “The Brazilian People” Next three weeks, pg. 1-112.
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*TUESDAY, MAY 26, 2009
Candomble – African Orixas (”ori-shous”)
cures<- Umbanda – eclectic (Created this religion and found throughout Brazil mostly in the south. Pretosuelhos. Caboelos.
Criancas – the comic relief more or less, Children and adults screaming in high pitch voices, asking for candy.
Exu – is represented as the devil.
Spirtism – European – Kardec
Promessa = Promises
Ex-uotos, images you make.
Ex: If you pray to get healed you bring a mold, wood, etc of the body part that has been healed.
Ribero
Wagley, anthropologist
Galvao is Wagley’s student.
Paradox = a contradictory. (Ex: I’m thirsty but I have to urinate.)
The Dilemna in Latin America.
Dependency Theory comes from Latin America.
Dependency Theory comes out of Modernization Theory.
Hegemonic Discourses
GRE is like the SATs in America.
Hegemonic is a way of thinking.
Thinking inside the box.
Ideology
Hegemonic Discourses – the way you think about the world and how you’re expected to look at the world.
Socialism, Facism, etc. is different kinds of idealogy.
During the Cold War you could not say anything socialist or you would be looked upon as a “commi”/communist.
(USA) Our hegemonic discouse is the modernization theory.
Modernization theory is looking at eternal flaws, underdevelopment poverty.
Internal flaws……………Underdevelopement poverty
Modernization -> Neoliberal or NAFTA -> free trade -> no governmental interference.
To fix the Internal flaws you must use Diffusion (borrowing from richer countries, from people who have more.)
Modernization -> Neoliberal -> Technology…
If the rest of the world lived like us (America) the human race would exhaust the world’s resources.
If the world lived like us (America) we would have to turn the earth (dirt) into energy and within 30 years we would finish off the world.
Democracy is when the people choose.
Social organization – land ownership, etc.
USA’s Hegemonic Discourse: Modernization -> Neo liberal -> technology -> social organization -> values -> population
Brazilians say the US’s Hegemonic Discourse (modernization theory) is ethnocentric and ahistoric.
Brazil’s Hegemonic Discourse: Underdvelopment theory, external exploitation -> colonialism -> export economies
Ex: Siphon: A tree is cut in Brazil and the Brazilians who cut it get maybe $150.00. The log is put into the water to float down to some Brazilians who will cut up the wood, they might get $500.00. The wood is then exported from Brazil to the USA. The wood is used to make fine furniture and is then sold in the USA for $5,000.00. Profit goes into the US not Brazil.
Extraverted – produce goods to give to someone else. Usually 3rd world countries position. Exporting goods usaully hurts that country internally.
Enclaves
“Truth”
Large groups of poor can become revolutionary especially when repressed.
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*WEDNESDAY, MAY 27, 2009
Frank wrote about dependency.
The most important cultural innovation that re-shaped humanity is AGRICULTURE.
Frank says we were underdeveloped before industralization- Colonization.
When the Incas saw the Europeans for the first time they were scared, and thought they smelled horribly and were ugly. But the one thing the Europeans had was metal for tools that the Incas wanted. (Indians)
Chafezz (Venezula leader) is like by many Venezulians because he is giving the oil to the poor not the middle class. He is democratic because the people voted him in but he runs like a dictator.
Marks looks at economic areas.
Uncommon ethnic unity is seen in Brazil by the writer.
Gauchos = Cowboys
Gauchos are the rural people from the South with certain dress and outlook on the world. Brazil.
Caipiras – far east. the poor. Brazil.
Sertenieiros – (sertou, very dry lands)
Caboclos - people of indigenous European and African that live in the Amazon.
Indigenenes. Indegenenous peasant.
Peasants are poor, exploited, under-dogs, and can become revolutionists.
Mexican revolution was a non-communist revolution.
By far the most of the people living in the world are peasants.
America has never been known for having peasantry in their history.
The 2 places in the world with the largest groups of peasants and the majority would be in (China) Asia and India.
Peasants.
Wage laborers.
Small town dweller- 7,000-10,000 or less.
About 70% are urban.
Proletariat- barely earn wages, short lives.
Middle Class
Upper Class
Nippo Brazilians- are Japanese Brazilians.
Sao Paulo has the largest concentration of Japanese outside of Japan.
April 1964-1985 was the lastest repression Brazil has had. The repression was made to create a larger middle class. Anyone who spoke against this “disappeared,” meaning they were usaully tortured and killed.
200,000 -> 50,000 (Ice Age is ending) -> 20,000 ago (2009)
5,000,000 (Foragers)
Native Americans are related to central Asia and a lot- Mongolian.
99%
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*THURSDAY, MAY 28, 2009
Ethnoecological – there is always food to be found for foragers.
Inuit (eskimos is deragoatory or inuit).
Foragers never got sick or diseases because they were constantly on the move using new resources. Water never got polluted from overuse. Average foragers lived an average age of 60 years and were 5′6″ -5′11″.
Most diseases, sicknesses came from domesticated animals.
Aids came from eating monkey meat.
An increase in obesity for this generation and the next (2009) will decrease life-spans.
Foragers had a least 1/mi to the power of 2 of land for all the plants & food.
Foragers did domesticate the dog. They did this by first noticing that the wild dogs would eat the scraps of the humans and the wild dogs began hanging around. The humans began noticing this behavior and started feeding them their scraps, purposefully. They killed the aggressive wild dogs so the genes wouldn’t carry on. Then the humans began petting the dogs, showing physical affection. Smaller groups taveled together.
13,000 dying off of Magafauna (sloths, mammoths, large animals, etc.)
Jabbing sphere, throwing arrow
Sedentary – staying in one location (Increase of humans) to begin agriculture.
Lactational amenorrhea- breast feeding slows down because the body can’t have children. Body fat is really low. Breastfed 2-4 years.
Diet, hormones, & indoor lighting can increase when girls begin their menstrual cycle.
Infanticide- elimination of the child because it would decrease how many mouths to feed.
Kill, Chill, OR Ill theory: Did we (humans) kill all the instinct animals. Did the instict animals die from weather change. Did they freeze off. OR Did the instinct animals die from diseases and sickness?
10,000 – 50,000
4 – 5,000 years ago.
Iraq & Iran is where agriculture began.
Newest pottery is from the Amazon 4-5,000 years ago.
The whole Amazon had people living their. Using the resources and trasnforming the land NOT deforestation.
MOVIE: Life After Humans
Bands -> Tribes -> Chiefdoms -> States
Carabs -> Arawaks -> Tupi (Brazilian Indians)
400 AD – 1400 AD – Dark Ages or Futilism
1100-1300, 50% of population died.
1) Long Distance Trade: Spices & silks were coming from the East, Asia, China. Africa had gold.
2) Technological innovation: Plows were not all wooden- anymore. Metal was put at the end so to dig deeper and faster in the dirt. It also lasted longer. Political consolidation. Crisis of futilism.
3) New World Encounter: Pileaging and looting from the world…
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*FRIDAY, MAY 29, 2009
Global cooling, Spain & Portugal became very rich.
1492
They made better sails, a compass, astrolobe (mid-evil GPS), cast iron, etc. All this to help them go across to the new world.
Christopher Columbus was Italian.
Christopher Columbus discovered the new world.
The Indians washed the Europeans.
What did the Portuguese initially want from Brazil? They wanted the dye from the wood.
So the Portuguese traded their metal for the wood of the indigenous people of Brazil.
Christopher Columbus began slavery.
Horses, guns, cross bows, cannons, armor, sword, horse armor were brought by the Spainards to enslave the indigenous people of Brazil.
96% of humans were all wiped out in all the Americas over 100 years.
The missionaries did more damage then good. They grouped people, spread disease.
People lived from 7-8 years if they were enslaved as an adult.
Homework: Read 112 pages of The Brazilian People. TEST WED.
Antonic Viera
Lingua geral- general languag. It was a creole (combination of different languages).
Mercantile Saluotionist empire- taxation without representation.
Despite salvationist empire
Just War
Capitalist- working for wages. (Began 500 years ago.).
For people to work for wages you must have seperation from direct access to land, resources, & tools.
Private property- work someone elses property and get paid (wage). This process created a lot of wealth.
1640 Globally: produced, enviromental
Portuguese came to Brazil to conquer, re-order, exploit the people, and get rich. Then they went back to Portugal usaully.
pg. 40-45 look over too!
Sugar came from sugarcane- Africa & Asia.
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*MONDAY, JUNE 1, 2009
Mamelucos
Cunhaclismo
Cunhado
Polyngny- 90% of the world’s societies.
Polygamy- one man with more than one wife.
Polyandry- 17%
Monogamy- 20%
Sao Paulo is where hicks and the poor used to be found.
1532
Enconmiendas
Land, resource, people = beginning of slavery
Academics, war, & slavery.
The kings would have slave mistresses, keeping them until they became ugly. If the queen finds out of the slave mistress the queen has her killed or sometimes has the slave’s teeth pulled out so she is ugly and unwanted.
For each survivor 25 died.
pg. 96- Extinction of many, through many factors.
John
Bodley
-> Frontier process: violence & lawlessness. White man’s burden- everybody’s primitive. Had technology, disease, & saw the land, resource, & people for the taking. Delot peonage.
-> Military action: punitive raid, a punishment done to those who stole or did something wrong. Random punishment because you never new who did it. Un-proportional punishment as well. Tamois. Wars of extermination.
-> Colonial administration: tax. Ghandi began the walk to the sea for their own countries salt and also, made thier own clothes.
1850-1910
pg. 96- Ethnocide- destruction of a culture. Forcing them to change thier religion, dress, etc.
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